Biology notes for college students all indian university

 Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Mandibulata Class - Insecta Subclass - Pterygota Division - Exopterygota Order - Isoptera Type - Termite 

Termites are social insects belonging to the class- insecta , order- isoptera. They live in large colony with organized social structures. The social life of termites characterized by division of labor, communication and cooperative behaviour. 1. Division of labour :   Termites exhibit a remarkable division of labour with different individual performing specific tasks. A reproductive termites (king and queen) responsible for reproduction and expanding the colony. Worker are sterile individuals at perform various duties,such as finding food, building and caring for the young and eggs,feed the nymphs,king and queen etc. The division of labour ensure that efficient functioning and survival of the termite colony. 2. Communication : (a) Secreting chemical : Termites communicate through chemical signal called pheromones. Pheromones plays an important role in the colony. • Each colony develops its own characteristics odour. •  And intruder is instantly recognized and an  a...

 Kingdom - Animalia Super phylum - Lophotrochozoa Phylum - Annelida Class - Oligochaeta Order - Opisthopora Genus - Pheretima Species - posthuma Pheretima posthuma

  Phylum : Arthropoda Sub phylum : Mandibulata Class : Insects Subclass : Pterygota Division : Exopterygota Order : Dictyoptera Family : Blattidae Genus : Periplaneta Species : americana   Small black cockroach's scientific name - Blatta orientalis

  Kingdom :  Animalia  Phylum     :  Chordata  Sub phylum :  Vertebrata  Class         :   Mammalia  Order       :   Carnivora Sub order : Canidformia Family     :    Canidae Genus      :      canis Species    :      lupus

Kingdom        :  Animalia Phylum           :  Chordata Sub phylum :  Vertebrata Division.        :  Cnathostomata Super class  :  Tetrapoda Class.              :  Mammalia Sub Class       :  Theria Infra class    :  Eutheria Order             :  Primates Sub order     :  Anthropoids Genus            :   Homo Species          :   sapiens

Annelida (L.,annellus = little ring or F., annelar = to arrange in rings) Definition : Annelids are triploblastic,bilaterally symmetrical,metamerically segmented,coelomata worms with a thin flexible cuticle around  the body.  Number of species : The phylum contains over 8,600 known species. Habitat  : Annelida are mostly aquatic, marine or freshwater, burrowing or living in tubes, sedentary or free living, some are commensal and parasitic also.   GENERAL CHARACTERS : Body triploblastic , bilaterally symmetrical , elongated and vermiform. Body metamerically segmented , externally by transverse grooves  and internally by septa into a number of division ; each division is called a segment, metamere or somite. Outer covering of the body is cuticle secreted by the underlying epidermis. Locomotory organs are segmentally arranged paired setae or chaetae and parapodia in most of the cases. Presence of true schizocoelous coelom. Respiration occurs through body surf...

 ◆ The name echinodermata was coined by Jacob Klein in 1734. General characters  : 1.Adults with radial with 5rays symmetry. 2. Body divisible into oral and aboral surface. 3. The surface of the body is covered by calcareous ossicles or plates. 4. On the underside are 5 groove called ambulacra . 5. Digestive canal is mostly coiled tube. 6. Presence of water vascular system is the most characteristic features. 7. Circulatory or haemal or blood lacunar system is typically present. 8. nervous  system is primitive.

 ◆The mollusca word comes from latin  word " mollis " means soft. Mollusca (soft bodied animals) ◆ Malacology - study of mollusca. ◆ Defination : Molluscs are soft bodied , Bilaterally symmetrical,unsegmented, Coelomate animals; usually shelled head and a dorsal visceral mass. ◆ Habitat : Molluscs are mostly marine ,few fresh water and some terrestrial forms. ◆Mollusca is the second largest      phylum of invertebrates. ◆About 1,28,000 species. ◆ body soft covered by mantle usually with an anterior head and a ventral muscular foot.Mentle secrets shell.Shell sometimes vestigial and sometimes in several pieces. ◆Coelom reduced. ◆ example  : Chiton, Pila(snail), Unio(mussel),Sepia, Loligo(squid), Nautilus, etc. Pila(snail)